IN THE SUPREME COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA
(APPELLATE DIVISION)
In the matter between:
THE RITZ HOTEL LIMITED 	 Appellant
AND
CHARLES OF THE RITZ LIMITED 	 First Respondent
AND
REGISTRAR OF TRADE MARKS 	 Second Respondent
Coram: CORBETT, HOEXTER, SMALBERGER, NESTADT, JJ A et
NICHOLAS, A J A Heard: 22 February 1988 Delivered: 21 March 1988

2
JUDGMENT NICHOLAS, A J A : The Parties.
Charles of the Ritz Limited is a company re-gistered in the United Kingdom. It is a wholly owned sub-sidiary. of Charles of the Ritz Group Limited of New York, a corporation registered in the United States of America ("the US company"), which is a manufacturer and distributor inter-nationally of cosmetics and perfumery products. It has a
number of other subsidiaries which operate in various parts of the world as well as licensees and distributors. The US company has a Technical Services Division, whose function it is to ensure the quality of all Charles of the Ritz pro-ducts wherever they are manufactured: it lays down formulae
and .... / 3

3
and specifications, approves the sources and quality of raw materials used in manufacture, and approves the containers and packaging in which products are marketed.
Companies belonging to the Charles of the Ritz group use the trade marks Charles of the Ritz and Ritz, which originated in the United States of America. These have a history extending back to 1910, when the Ritz-Carlton Hotel opened in New York. There Charles Ritz conducted a hairdressing business, in which he sold a range of cosmetic preparations on which he used the word Ritz as a trade mark. In 1919, Charles Jundt purchased Ritz's business, including the good-will and the right to use the trade mark Ritz in relation to cosmetics. Jundt was at first known to his customers as Mr. Charles, but they later began to refer to him as "Charles of
the..../ 4

4
the Ritz". In 1926 Jundt adopted Charles of the Ritz as a trade mark for his cosmetic products. In 1928, there was founded Charles of the Ritz Incorporated (a predecessor of the US company), which acquired Jundt's cosmetic business, 
including the rights in the trade marks Charles of the Ritz
and Ritz.
The following trade marks are registered in
the name of Charles of the Ritz Limited in Part A of the
South African register of trade marks:	
1 Trade Mark Registration No: 650/46	
Trade Mark	: CHARLES OF THE RITZ
Class and Goods	: Class 3(iv):
"Perfumed soap, cosmetics, dentif-rices; perfumery, including toilet articles, preparations for the teeth and hair; oils for toilet purposes"
Date......5/

5
Date of Registration : 15th March, 1946
Registered User	: African Sales Company (Pty) Ltd
(recorded on 9th March, 1962);
2 Trade Mark Registration No : 491/55
Trade Mark	: RITZ
Class and Goods	: Class 3(iv):
"Creams, lotions, preparations for the skin, oils, pastes and powders, all being non-medicated toilet preparations, lipsticks, toilet rouge, cosmetic rouge boxes, eye-brow pencils, eye-black, eye-shadow nail varnish, nail varnish re-moving preparations and astringent lotions for toilet purposes"
Date of Registration : 18th February, 1955
Associated with No. 650/46
Registered User	: African Sales Company (Pty) Ltd
(recorded on 9th March, 1962).
3....../6

6.
3	Trade Mark Registration No : 65/2279
Trade Mark 	: CHARLES OF THE RITZ
Class and Goods	: Class 25(iv):
"Clothing"
Date of Registration	: 7th June, 1965
Associated with No. 650/46
and No. 71/0325
4	Trade Mark Registration No : 71/0325
Trade Mark	: CHARLES OF THE RITZ
Class and Goods	: Class 26(iv):
"Wigs, toupees, false hair, hair pieces and hair tresses, all for wear"
Date of Registration : 26th January, 1971
Associated with 65/2279;
5 .... / 7

7
5 Trade Mark Registration No : 71/1336
Trade Mark	: CHARLES OF THE RITZ
Class and Goods	: Class 3(iv):
"False eye-lashes, false finger nails, perfumes, non-medicated toilet preparations, cosmetic
preparations, dentifrices, depilatory preparations, toilet articles (not included in other classes), shampoos, soaps and essential oils"
Date of Registration : 1st April, 1971
Associated with No. 650/46
and No. 65/2279
The Ritz Hotel Limited, which is a company
registered in the United Kingdom, owns and operates the Ritz
Hotel at 15 Place Vendóme in Paris. This is a luxury
establishment with an international reputation. Its emblem
is the following:
.... /8

SEE ORIGINAL JUDGMENT PICTURE
8.
Since about December 1965, the Ritz Hotel Limited has offered for sale in the "gift shop" in the hotel in Paris goods which bear its emblem, including soap, shampoo,
hair conditioner, scarves, ties, bathrobes, bedroom slippers, playing cards, stationery, food and beverages.
The gift shop consists of a long hallway which extends from the main Place Vendóme lobby of the hotel to the
rear lobby at the entrance from Rue Cambon, and in which the
items .... / 9

9
items for sale are displayed inside glass-enclosed cases on
either side. The salesperson in charge is stationed at a
small desk in the middle.
The Ritz Hotel Limited has obtained regis-
tration in South Africa of its embiem as a trade mark as
follows:
1. Trade Mark Registration No : 80/6893
Trade Mark	: HOTEL RITZ & CREST Device
Class and Goods	: Class 25(iv)
"Ready-made clothing or clothing made-to-measure for men, women and
children, knittec wear and knitted goods, lingerie, underwear, dresses, skirts, zrousers, shirts, ties, scarves, belts, gloves, hats; shoes and slippers; rain-coats, socks, stockings, tights"
Date of Registration : 21st October, 1980
Associated with No. 80/6894

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2.Trade Mark Registration No : 80/6894
Trade Mark	: HOTEL RITZ and CREST Device
Class and Goods	: Class 26(iv):
"Lace and embroidery, ribands and braid; buttons, press-buttons, hooks and eyes, pins and needles,
artificial flowers"
Date of Registration : 21st October, 1980
There are pending two applications for registration of trade
marks, namely (i) Application No. 80/6882, for registration
of the Hotel Ritz and Crest device in Class 3 in respect of:
"Bleaching preparations and other substances for laundry use; cleaning, polishing, scouring and abrasive prepa-rations; soaps, perfumes, perfumery, toilet waters, deodorants, essential oils, beauty preparations, cos-metics, creams, powders, make-up, toilet-milks, lotions, toilet-soaps, shampoos, toothpastes, bath salts, bath oils" ;
and (ii) Application No. 84/6465, for the registration of the
trade .... / 11

11
trade mark Ritz in Class 25(iv) in respect of
"Articles of clothing including boots, shoes and slippers; parts and accessories for all the aforegoing."
Application No. 80/6882 is being opposed by
Charles of the Ritz Limited on two grounds: (a) that the
applicant has not used and does not intend to use the trade mark
"Hotel Ritz" and Crest device in relation to all the goods in
respect of which registration is sought; and (b) that the
applicant's mark so nearly resembles the opponent's regis-
tered trade marks No. 650/46, No. 491/5.5 and No. 71/1336, that
use of such mark in relation to the goods in respect of which
registration is sought, and use of the opponent's marks in
relation to the goods in respect of which the latter marks
are registered, will be likely to deceive or cause confusion.
The ... / 12

13 
(b) in terms of s. 33(1), on the ground that the re-
spective entries made in the register were entries wrongly remaining on the register, inasmuch as the use of them offended against the provisions of s. 16(1), in that such use would be likely to deceive or cause confusion.
Charles of the Ritz Limited opposed the application both on
the ground that The Ritz Hotel Limited was not a "person
aggrieved", and on the merits.
The application was heard by MACARTHUR J, who
held that The Ritz Hotel Limited was a person aggrieved in re-
spect of all five registrations; that in relation to marks
650/46, 491/55 and 71/1336 (which will be referred to collect-
ively as "the Class 3 marks") these had been in use by Charles
of the Ritz Limited during the relevant period; that marks
No. 65/2279 and N0. 71/0325 had not at any time been used in
South Africa in relation to goods in respect of which they
were registered; and that it had not been shown
that ..../ 14

12
The Application to the Transvaal Provincial Division.
Alleging that it was a person aggrieved by
the registrations in the name of Charles of the Ritz Limited,
The Ritz Hotel Limited made an application to the Transvaal
Provincial Division of the Supreme Court for an order autho-
rizing and directing the Registrar of Trade Marks to expunge
and/or remove from the register of trade marks all of those
trade mark registrations. This relief was claimed
(a) in terms of s. 36(1)(b) of the Trade Marks Act,
No. 62 of 1963 ("the Act.") on the ground that up to a date one month before the application a con-tinuous period of 5 years or longer elapsed during which the trade mark was a registered mark and during which there was no bona fide use thereof in respect of any of the goods in respect of which it was registered; and
(b) ..../ 13

14
that the use of the Class 3 marks was likely to deceive or cause confusion. The learned judge accordingly granted an order authorizing and directing the Registrar of Trade Marks to expunge and/or remove from the register of trade marks, registration No. 65/2279 Charles of the Ritz in Class 25(iv), and No. 71/0325 Charles of the Ritz in Class 26(iv), but made no order in regard to the Class 3 marks. He considered that in the final result both parties had achieved substantial success and accordingly made no order as to costs.
with the leave of the Court a quo, The Ritz
Hotel Limited now appeals to this Court against the failure
of the Court a quo to order the expungement of the Class 3
marks, and against the order relating to costs; and Charles
of the Ritz Limited cross-appeals against the part of the
judgment .... / 15 

15
judgment ordering the expungement of trade marks No. 65/2279 and No. 71/0325.
(In what follows I shall be referring to The Hotel Ritz Limited as "the appellant", and to Charles of the Ritz Limited as "the respondent".) "Person aggrieved".
In an application to rectify the register,
whether under s. 33(1) or under s. 36(1) of the Act, it is a
prerequisite that the applicant should be a "person aggrieved".
The question here is merely one of locus standi, and it
must be approached on the assumption, which is necessary to
answer it, that the trade mark is wrongly on the register.
(In re Apollinaris Companies'Trade Mark (1891) 2 Ch 186 (CA)
per FRY L.J. at 224.)
The.... / 16

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The courts have given a wide and liberal in-terpretation to the expression "person aggrieved". (See for example Apollinaris (supra) at 224-225; William Powell v The Birmingham Vinegar Brewery Company, Limited, (1894) AC 8;. "Daiquiri Rum" Trade Mark 1969 RPC 600 (H.L.) at 615.) It was observed in Apollinaris (at 225), that the words are not to be so read as to make evidence of great and serious damage a condition precedent to the right to apply. The effect of the decided cases is summarized
in Kerly's Law of Trade Marks and Trade Names (llth ed.) in s. 11-07) as follows. The persons who are aggrieved are all persohs who are in some way or other substantially interested in having the mark removed from the register; including all
persons who would be substantially damaged if the mark
remained .... / 17

17 
remained, and all trade rivals over whom an advantage was gained by a rival trader who was getting the benefit of a registered trade mark to which he was not entitled.
See also Halsbury's Laws of England, 4th ed.; vol 48, s. 225.
The case of the trade rival is only one case of a person who is substantially interested in having the mark removed from the register. There are others. Thus, in Apollinaris, (supra), it was held at 228-229 that when one trader uses the fact of registration as any part of his case against any other trader in any legal proceedings, that second trader is aggrieved. Kerly states (ubi cit) that an alleged infringer of a mark is always a person aggrieved by its registration. (But this requires qualification: Cf.
Lever .... / 18 

18
Lever Brothers, Port Sunlight Ld. v Sunniwite Products, Ld. (1949) 66 RPC 84 at 101.) In Ernest Marshall, (1943) 60 RPC 147 at 151 in fin, it was held by the Comptroller-General
that where a registered trade mark is the basis of the oppo-sition to his own application for registration, the appli-
cant for rectification is clearly a person aggrieved.
MACARTHUR J dealt with the question of locus standi in a globular fashion in respect of all five of the respondents' registrations. In my opinion, when an applica-
tion for rectification is made in respect of several re-
gistrations, the applicant must show in respect of each of
them that he is a person aggrieved; and where different
considerations apply each entry should be separately con-
sidered.
In.../ 19

19
In the present case, the Class 3 entries may conveniently be treated together but separately from the Class 25 and Class 26 registrations.
(i) The Class 3 registrations.
In relation to the Class 3 registrations, the appellant claimed to be a person aggrieved on two grounds:
(a) that it wishes and intends to use its trade marks Hotel Ritz and Crest Device and Ritz in South Africa in respect of the goods co-vered by its applications and registrations in Class 3(iv); and
(b) ..../ 20

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(b) that the respondent cited its'Class 3 registra-
tions in opposing the appellant's trade mark
application No. 80/6882, and that the appellant
was consequently aggrieved by the existence of
those registrations.
In regard to ground (b), the appellant's
argument could fairly be stated as follows:
"Whether or not I intend to trade in goods to which the respondent's trade marks relate, I am entitled, in the absence of good ground to the contrary, to registration
in terms of my application No. 80/6882. The respondent, in citing his marks in opposition to that application, has raised an obstacle to its being granted. Unless the marks are removed from the register, the respondent is gaining the benefit of a registered trade mark to which he is not entitled. I am accordingly aggrieved."
It..../ 21

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On the other hand, it may be suggested that it would be an effective answer to this argument if it were proved affirmatively that the appellant did not deal, and did not have a definite and present intention to deal in the goods covered by the application. (See the reference to J. Batt and Company (infra)).
It is, however, unnecessary to further consider these matters, or to consider ground (a), be-cause I am prepared to assume, without deciding, that
the appellant is a "person aggrieved" in respect of Class 3 marks.
(ii) .../ 22

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(ii) The Class 25 and Class 26 marks.
In the appellant's founding affidavit it was
stated in para. 10 that
"The Applicant wishes and intends to use its aforesaid trade marks HOTEL RITZ AND CREST Device and RITZ in
South Africa in respect of the goods covered by its aforesaid applications and registrations in Classes 25(iv) and 26(iv)."
It was further stated in paragraph 12.2 -
"12.2 The Applicant is also aggrieved by the existence of trade mark registration No. 65/2279 CHARLES OF THE RITZ in Class 25(iv) because this is for the identical trade mark as covered by registrations
Nos. 650/46 and 71/1336 on which the First Respondeni is basing its opposition referred to above. The applicant, as I have stated in paragraph 10 above, has a direct interest in Class 25 and believes that the First Respondent might seek to rely on registration No. 65/2279 to attempt to frustrate the Applicant's use of its trade marks in Class 25 or interfere with or attack the Applicant's afore-said registration No. 80/6893 in Class 25(iv) and/or its application No. 84/6465 RITZ in Class 25(iv).
"12.3.../23

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"12.3 Similarly, the Applicant believes that the First Respondent might seek to rely on its registration No. 71/0325 CHARLES OF THE RITZ in Class 26(iv) to frustrate or attack the Applicant's use or re-gistration of its trade mark in Class 26(iv) as aforesaid. The Applicant is therefore also aggrieved by the existence of registration No. 71/0325."
Counsel for the appellant conceded that the first sentence in paragraph 12.2 was a non sequitur, and that no basis had been shown for the beliefs alleged in the second sentence, and in paragraph 12.3.
The purpose of paragraph 10 was presumably to bring the appellant within the case of the trade rival. If that is so, the necessary allegations and proof are de-ficient.
In Re Powell's Trade Mark (1893) 2 Ch 388
BOWEN LJ.... / 24

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BOWEN LJ said at 406:
" .... persons would be aggrieved if they are in the same
trade, and might reasonably be expected to deal in the same article, though not prepared to prove at the moment that they had formed a clear determination to do so."
And in William Powell v Birmingham Vinegar Brewery Company
Limited, (supra) LORD WATSON said at 12:
"In my opinion any trader is, in the sense of the statute, 'aggrieved' whenever the registration of a particular trademark operates in restraint of what would otherwise have been his legal rights. Whatever benefit is gained by registration must entail a corresponding disadvantage upon a trader who might possibly have had occasion to use the mark in the course of. his business. It is im-plied, of course, that the person aggrieved must manu-facture or deal in the same class of goods to which the registered mark applies, and that there shall be a reasonable possibility of his, finding occasion to use it. But the fact that the trader deals in the same class of goods and could use it, is prima facie sufficient evidence of him being aggrieved .... "
It appears moreover that a trading interest,
which .... / 25

25
which consists not of an actual trade, but a genuine intenion
to trade, is sufficient. See Halsbury ubi cit, referring to
two cases decided in the Trade Marks Registry, namely Wells
Fargo Trade Mark (1977) RPC 503, and Consort Trade Mark (1980)
RPC 160. See too Kerly op cit s. 11.08. This is also im-
plicit in the judgment of ROMER J in Lever Brothers, Port
Sunlight, Ltd. v Sunniwite Products, Ld. (1949) 66 RPC 84 (Ch.)
at 101 lines 32 to 41, which are quoted below.
The intention which is requisite is similar to
that required in an application for registration of a trade
mark, as to which see J Batt and Company (1898) 15 RPC 534
(C.A.) per LINDLEY MR at 538:
"A question of law then arises, which may be stated shortly as follows: Can a man properly register a Trade Mark for goods in which he does not deal or intend to deal, meaning by intending to deal, having at the time of registration
some....../26

25(a)
some definite and present intention to deal in
certain goods or descriptions of goods, and not
a mere general intention of extending his business
at some future time to anything which he may think
desirable. This question we answer in the mega-
tive."	
In this case the applicant's sole activity 
lies, and has lain since it came into existence, in the conduct
of.../ 26 

26
of a luxury hotel, to which a gift shop, which offers a limited range of goods, is a minor adjunct. This apart, it is not engaged in the production or distribution of goods. It does not trade in "wigs, toupees, fake hair, hair pieces and hair tresses" (see Nó. 71/0325) or in "clothing (see No. 65/2279) except for "bathrobes", which are sold only at the Ritz Hotel in Paris and, it appears, at Harrods in London, which is under
the same ownership as the appellant. Dominique Mendy, the
deponent to an affidavit filed on behalf of the respondent, says that she visited the gift shop at the Ritz Hotel on 11 March 1986. Two of the display cases
" ... contained bath products (bathrobes, towels, slippers
and the like) made of terry-cloth and bearing the trade mark D. PORTHAULT as well as the name and logo Hotel Ritz. D. PORTHAULT is a well-known manufacturer of
such .... / 27

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such articles. I was told by the sales person that D.PORTHAULT manufactures all bath products for Hotel Ritz and that the articles in the display cases were similar to those that hotel guests would find in their rooms.... "
It appears that the appellant's trade in bathrobes, such as
it is, is aimed not at the general public, but at visitors
to the Ritz Hotel who want souvenirs. In my opinion such
trade cannot fairly be regarded as making the appellant a
trader in clothing.
In an affidavit submitted by the appellant,
and deposed to by Klein, the appellant's Executive Vice-
President and General Manager, it is said that
"13.3 The Applicant presently intends to distribute throughout the world, including South Africa, goods under its trade marks including cosmetics and perfumery, shampoo, hair conditioner, confectionery, stationery, bathrobes, towels, sheets, pillowcases, cutlery, yarn
and ... / 28

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and fabrics, clothing and clothing designs, sunglasses, playing cards, games, bedroom slippers, footwear, food, champagne and other beverages (alcoholic and non-alcholic)."
At present the appellant does not distribute any of these
goods in South Africa, despite the fact that the only ones
which might be vulnerable to attack under any of the re-
spondent's trade marks are cosmetics and perfumery, shampoo,
hair conditioner and bathrobes. For the rest, the field
is wide open. Of the vulnerable items, the only goods
which are listed in the appellant's price list of Ritz
Products dated January 1986 are bathrobes, and, under "Per-
fume Ritz Products", foaming bath, shampoo and soap. Klein
says nothing in regard to any steps which the appellant may
have, taken to manufacture or obtain supplies of any of the
goods set out in No. 65/2279 and No. 71/0325.
I.../ 29

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I think that the observations of ROMER J at p 101
of the Sunniwite case (ubi cit) are applicable mutatis
mutandis to the appellant:
"In the present case the Defendánts' sole activity lies, and has lain for some years past,in the region of soap-
less detergents. This being so, and in the absence of some evidence to support the view, I am unable to see how they can sensibly be regarded as aggrieved in respect of the Plaintiffs' mark being;on the register in rela-tion to perfumery, cosmetics, preparations for the hair and dentifrices. I have already indicated my opinion that none of these products are goods of the same de-scription as detergents, which have, so far as I am aware, almost nothing in common with any of them. If therefore, the Defendants entêrtain, or have at any time
entertained, any motion of embarking upon an enterprise
so far removed from their present one, I cannot but
think that it was incumbent upon them to call evidence
to that effect. This they were singularly coy about
doing."	
In this case, too, there was nothing but Klein's bare ipse dixit
as to the appellant's intentions. 
In my opinion, therefore, the appellant did
not .... / 30

30
not succeed in showing that it was a "person aggrieved" in
regard to the Class 25 or Class 26 registrations, and it
follows that the respondent's cross-appeal against the sub-
stantive order made by the Court a quo should be upheld.
Alleqed non-use - s. 36(1)(b).
S. 36(1)(b) of the Act provides:
"36. (1) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2)
of section sixteen, and section fifty-three, a registered trade mark may, on application to the Court, or, at the option of the applicant and subject to the provisions of section sixty-nine, to the registrar by any person aggrieved, be taken off the register in respect of any of
the goods or services in respect of which it is registered, on the ground either -
(a) 	 ; or
(b)	that up to the date one month before the date of the
application a continuous period of five years or
longer elapsed during which the trade mark was a
registered trade mark and during which there was no
bona fide use thereof in relation to those goods or
services by any proprietor thereof for the time
being; or

30
not succeed in showing that it was a "person aggrieved" in
regard to the Class 25 or Class 26 registrations, and it
follows that the respondent's cross-appeal against the sub-
stantive order made by the Court a quo should be upheld.
Alleged non-use - s. 36(1)(b).
S. 36(1)(b) of the Act provides:
"36. (1) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2)
of section sixteen, and section fifty-three, a registered trade mark may, on application to
the Court, or, at the option of the applicant and subject to the provisions of section sixty-nine, to the registrar by any person aggrieved, be taken off the register in respect of any of
the goods or services in respect of which it is registered, on the ground either -
(a) 	 ; or
(b)	that up to the date one month before the date of the
application a continuous period of five years or
longer elapsed during which the trade mark was a registered trade mark and during which there was no bona fide use thereof in relation to those goods or . services by any proprietor thereof for the time being; or

31
The respondent has not itself used the Class
3 trade marks, but it is clear that they have
been used extensively by African Sales Company (Proprietáry)
Limited ("African Sales"). This company, which is registered
as registered user of No. 650/46 and No. 491/55, has for many
years manufactured and distributed in South Africa a wide
range of Charles of the Ritz products under the trade marks
Charles of the Ritz and Ritz, and it has extensively adver-
tised and promoted such products. (African Sales is not, the
registered user of No. 71/1336, but the appellant made no
special point of the non-use of this mark.)
The appellant nevertheless contended that
African Sales has not "used" the trade marks. This con-
tention was based on the following facts. In the order form
for ... / 32

32
for Charles of the Ritz products used by African Sales, the
words "Charles of the Ritz New York" appear immediately below
the African Sales heading and addresses. In addition, on some
of the containers in which Charles of the Ritz products were
distributed by African Sales, there appear the words "Made in
USA. Charles of the Ritz Group Limited New York", or "Charles
of the Ritz Group Ltd., Dist., New York". From this the appel-
lant drew the conclusion in the founding affidavit that all
Ritz and Charles of the Ritz products sold in South Africa
emanated from Charles of the Ritz Group Limited; that Afri-
can Sales had not used the trade marks but was a mere distri-
butor; and hence that the trade marks had not been used in
South Africa by the respondent.
In an affidavit by Priebatsch, the "director" of..../ 33

33
of African Sales, which the respondent filed with its answer-ing affidavit, it was explained that the Charles of the Ritz products are "up-market, expensive and are accordingly sold in relatively small quantities", and that for reasons of cost and convenience African Sales had always imported containers and packaging for the products from the respondent and the
US company. Steps were, however, being taken to avoid the use in future of any information on containers and packaging which might be misleading.
In the replying affidavit Klein admitted
that he had drawn a wrong inference, and that his statements,
which were "based on the apparent position in the market place"
were not correct.
The appellant addressed no argument to the
Court... / 34

34
Court a quo relating to non-use of the Class 3 trade marks.
It did, however, make submissions in this regard in the heads
of argument and orally at the hearing in this Court.
In the heads of argument it was said that -
"We submit that the facts hereinafter set out establish that substantial use has been made of the trade marks in issue not by the Respondent or its registered user but by the USA COMPANY " and
" ... in relation to the goods marketed in South Africa and packaged in the packages of the USA Company, the use of the mark is that of the latter and not that of the Respondent or its registered user."
In oral argument, however, the appellant's counsel were con-
tent to take as the basis of their submissions the fact that
the use had been by African Sales, and they relied on the
wording on the packaging quoted above only in support of
the application based on s. 33 of the Act.
The..../ 35

35
The argument in this Court was that the use by African Sales
was not "permitted use" in terms of ss. (l)(b) of s. 48 of
the Act and hence was not deemed to be use by the proprietor
of the marks in terms of ss. (2). 
The relevant provisions of s. 48 are as follows:
"(l)(a) Subject to the provisions of this section, a person other than :the proprietor of a trade mark may be registered as a registered user thereof in respect of all or any of the goods or services in respect of which it is registered (otherwise than as a defensive trade mark), and either with or without conditions or re-strictions.
(b) The use of a trade mark by a registered user thereof in relation to goods or services with which he is connected in the course of trade and in respect of which for the time being the trade mark remains registered and he is regis-tered as a registered user, being use such as to comply with any conditions or restrictions to which his registration is subject, is in
this .... / 36

36
this Act referred to as the 'permitted use' thereof.
(2)	The permitted use of a trade mark shall be deem-
ed to be use by the proprietor thereof, and
shall not be deemed to be use by a person other
than the proprietor for the purposes of section
thirty-six or for any other purpose for which
such use is material under this Act or at
common law.
(3) 	
(4)	Where it is proposed that a person should be
registered as a registered user of a trade mark,
the proprietor and the proposed registered user
shall apply in writing to the registrar in the
prescribed manner and the application shall be
accompanied by the prescribed fee and shall
furnish him with a sworn declaration made by the proprietor, or by some person authorized to act on his behalf and approved by the registrar -(a) giving particulars of the relationship,
existing or proposed, between the proprie-tor and the proposed registered user, in-cluding particulars showing the degree of control by the proprietor over the permitted use which their relationship will confer
and .... / 37

37
and whether it is a term of their rela-tionship that the proposed registered user shall be the sole registered user or that there shall be any other restriction as to persons for whose registration as regis-tered users application may be made;
(b) stating the goods or services in respect
of which registration is proposed;
(c)	stating any conditions or restrictions pro-
posed with respect to the characteristics of the goods or services, to the mode or place of permitted use, or to any other matter; and
(d)	stating whether the permitted use is to be
for a period or without limit of period,
and, if for a period, the duration thereof,
and with such further documents, information or evidence as may be required under the regula-tions or by the registrar.
(5) When the requirements of subsection (4) have
been complied with, and if the registrar after
considering .... / 38

38
considering the information furnished to him under that subsection, is satisfied that in the circumstances the use of the trade mark in relation to the proposed goods or services or any of them by the proposed registered user, subject to any conditions or restrictions which the registrar thinks proper, would not be con-trary to the public interest, the registrar may
register the proposed registered user as a registered user in respect of the goods or ser-vices as to which he is so satisfied.
(6) 	
(7)	The registrar shall, if so required by an appli-
cant, take steps to ensure that information fur-
nished for the purposes of an application under
the provisions of this section (other than
matters entered in the register), is not dis-closed to rivals in trade
The basis for the argument was set out 
by Klein in the replying affidavit. He said that in terms 
of ss. (4) of s. 48, it was required that the proprietor and
and .... / 39

39
and proposed registered user of the mark should apply in
writing to the registrar giving particulars inter alia, "show-ing the degree of control by the proprietor over the permitted use which their relationship will confer"; and that the re-gistration of African Sales as a registered user must there-fore have been based upon an agreement between the respondent and African Sales. The appellant did not have access to this
agreement because of the non-disclosure provision in ss. (7)
of s. 48. Klein challenged the respondent to produce the relevant registered user documents, but to this challenge there was no response. Klein said that the respondent could not have complied with the provisions of s. 48 of the Act, "be-cause all formulations and control of the manufacture of pro-
ducts in South Africa have been done by a company (sc. the US
company)not a party
to ... / 40

40
to the arrangement between the proprietor of the marks and the registered user."
Although this point was not argued in the Court a quo, nor raised in the appellant's heads of argument in this Court, counsel placed it in the forefront of their argument, submitting that the case was governed by the decision in McGregor Trade Mark, 1979 RPC 36 (Ch). In that case a re-gistered user "S" sought to rectify the trade marks register
on the ground of non-use of a trade mark for articles of clothing including dressing gowns. It was admitted that "S" itself had applied the mark to dressing gowns throughout the alleged period of non-use. One of the conditions and re-strictions to which the registration was subject, was to
manufacture .... / 41

41
manufacture in accordance with directions as to materials and
methods of manufacture given from time to time by the regis-
tered proprietors. It was held that, as there were never any
directions given by the registered proprietors as to materials
and methods of manufacture, the use by "S" did not comply with
the conditions and restrictions to which the registrations
were subject, and consequently was not "permitted use" within
the meaning of the section in the English Act corresponding
to s. 48. It was accordingly ordered that the trade mark
be remcved from the register.
Counsel submitted that in the present case the
respondent had abdicated its function to exercise quality con-
trol, which it had left to a third party, i.e. the US company.
Consequently in this case too the use by the registered user
was .... / 42

42
was not permitted use within the meaning of s. 48(2).
The respondent, admittedly, did not itself exercise quality control over the manufacture of Charles of the Ritz products by African Sales. Such control was exer-cised by the US company through its Technical Services Divi-sion. It appears from affidavits filed on behalf of the respondent that Charles of the Ritz and Ritz products are
manufactured and/or sold by the US company or its subsidia-
ries and their licensees and distributors in various countries in the world. The US company endeavours to ensure that all
products .... / 43

43
products to which the trade marks Charles of the Ritz and Ritz are applied, wherever manufactured, are consistently and re-liably of the highest quality. To this end, the Technical Services Division of the US company ensures strict centralised control of the formulae according to which products are made, the raw materials used, their method of manufacture and the containers and packages in which they are sold.
It is clear that the acts of a holding company are not per se the acts of its wholly owned subsidiary, or vice versa, since the holding company is a separate legal entity from its subsidiary; but in recent years,there has become evident in the English cases. a more relaxed approach to the application of thisbasic principle.
In Gower's Principles of Modern Company Law,
4th.../ 44

44
4th ed. (1979), it is stated (pp. 128-129) that. -
"The courts are still apt to affirm that it is a funda-mental principle of English law .
'long established and now unchallengeable by judicial decision .... that each company in a group of companies (a relatively modern con-cept) is a separate legal entity possessed of
separate. legal rights and liabilities so that
the rights of one company in a group cannot be exercised by another company in that group even though the ultimate benefit of the exer-cise of those rights would accrue beneficially to the same person or corporate body ... ' Nevertheless while doing so they may admit that: 'It is perhaps permissible under modern conditions to regret the existence' of this principle, and that: 'Modern commerce is hampered and not helped by
too rigid an adherence to the basic principle ... Where the group is in truth the party interested and injured, the law should not be too astute not to recognise the realities of the position ..' In the light of this attitude it is not surprising that cases can be found where the courts have been willing to treat a subsidiary company as an agent of the holding company and as conducting the latter's business for it."
(The... / 45

45 
(The passages quoted by Gower are from the judgment of ROSKILL LJ in The Albazero (1975) 3 W.L.R. 491 (CA) at 521
A-D.) After quoting cases showing such willingness,
Professor Gower goes on to say:	
"The trouble is that the attitude of the courts is unpredictable. Each case where they have regarded the subsidiary as agent of the parent can be matched with another in which they have refused to do so. Indeed, 
in one case it was said in the Court of Appeal that -'Under the ordinary rules of law, a parent
company and a subsidiary company, even a 100
per cent subsidiary company, are distinct 
legal entities, and in the absence of an' 
agency contract between the two companies 
one cannot be said to be the agenr of the 
other.'	
In so far as this suggests that an express agency con-
tract is needed it clearly goes too far. But exactly
what else will suffice?"	
(The Court of Appeal case referred to was Ebbw Vale U.D.C. v
Wales Traffic Area (1951) 2 KB 366 (C.A.).) The learned 
author's ..... /46

46
author's conclusion (at 130) is that, in truth, it seems to be impossible to deduce from the decisions any one set of criteria which will be decisive in all circumstances.
In D.H.N. Food Distributors Ltd. v Tower
Hamlets London Borough Council (1976) 1 WLR 852 (C.A.) at 860 B; 1976 (3) All E.R. 462 (C.A.) at 467 b-c) LORD
DENNING M.R. quoted with approval a statement in the 3rd
edition of Gower that
"there is evidence of a general tendency to ignore the
separate legal entities of various companies within a group, and to look instead at the economic entity of
the whole group."
and added
"This is especially the case when a parent company owns all the shares of the subsidiaries, so much so that it can control every movement of the subsidiaries. These subsidiaries are bound hand and foot to the parent com-
pany and must do just what the parent company says."
In...../47

47
In Revlon Inc. and Others v Cripps and Lee
Ltd. and Others, 1980 F.S.R. 85 (Ch) DILLON J, in dealing with
an argument based on the fact that companies in the Revlon
cosmetics group were separate companies, said at 95:
"That argument is, I apprenend, unanswerable if it is correct to place such emphasis on the fact that the indi-vidual group companies, which are co-plaintiffs in this action, are in law separate entities. In my judgment, however, this narrow emphasis on the individuality of companies in a group is not in accordance with recent authorities: see D.H.N. Food Distributors Ltd. v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council (1976) 1 W.L.R. 852.)
This approach was approved by the Court of Appeal (ibid.
pp. 99 ff.).
(I should observe here that in the light of
the judgments in Revlon, at may become necessary to reconsider
Adcock-Ingram Laboratories Ltd. v S.A. Druggists Ltd. and
Another .... / 48

48
Another (1983) SA 350 (T) where I held that use of a trade
mark by a wholly owned subsidiary of the registered pro-prietor was not use by the proprietor.)
I return to the facts of the present case.
It was, rightly, not contended on behalf of appellant that it was requisite that quality control should have been exercised by the respondent itself. It was suffi-cient if this was done by somebody else on the respondent's behalf: qui facit per alium facit per se.
The respondent filed an affidavit by Hartin,
its technical operations manager, in which he said that in
controlling the quality of the respondent's products and the
containers and packages in which they are marketed, the US
company, through its Technical Services Division, acts as
the.../ 49

49
the agent of the respondent.
Mortelman, the chairman of the board of directors of the respondent, stated in his affidavit that "the facts clearly establish that cohtrol is exercised by the Technical Services Division as the Respondent's agent".
The facts referred to were the following. The
US company exercises control over all the companies in the
Charles of the Ritz group of companies with regard inter alia to
product development, quality control jand marketing policies, as
well as overall control of the licensing of products and trade
marks of the companies in the group. There is a constant
endeavour to ensure that all products to which the trade
marks are applied, wherever they are manufactured, are con-
sistently and reliably of the highest quality. With this
end..../ 50

50
end in view the Technical Services Division of the US company
ensures strict centralised control of the formulae from which the products are made, the raw materials used, their method of manufacture and the containers and packages in which they are sold. There is in force a technical services agreement dated 11 August 1966 between the respondent and the US company, in terms of which the US company will make available to the respondent the benefit of its knowledge and experience in regard to the manufacture and sale of cosmetics and toilet
preparations, and in particular to furnish to the respondent
information and services to enable the respondent to operate
in accordance with the best or most up to date methods known
to the American company.
Priebatsch said in his affidavit that the 
Technical .... / 51

51
Technical Services Division of the US company, acting "on behalf of" the respondent, ensured the quality of all products manufactured and sold by African Sales in South Africa.
The statements by Hartin, Mortelman and Priebatsch were challenged by Klein in the appellant's re-plying affidavit. He said that the allegations were "bald and unsupported by any evidence". The respondent had not produced any letters, or agreements to support this bald allegation of agency. Had there been a relationship of agency between the respondent and the US company, it would have been embodied in some such document.
The respondent does not rely on an express agreement of agency,and this is not required. The real question is whether in pêrforming the function of quality
control .... / 52

52
control, the Technical Services Division is a third party acting independently of the respondent, or whether it is the respondent's agent, using the word not in a precise legal sense but loosely, in the sense that it is acting on behalf of the respondent. The facts show that the US com-pany provides technical services to its subsidiary, the re-
spondent. The respondent stands toward African Sales in 
the relation of proprietor of the trade marks to registered
user. There is no legal relation between African Sales and the US company. It is the respondent alone which can require compliance by its registered user with any conditions or restrictions to which the registration is subject. Any services provided by the US company to African Sales, and any control exercised, could only be as a result of a request,
either .... /53

53
either express or tacit, by the respondent to the US company. It follows that the services and control must have been per-formed by the Technical Services Division at the behest of the respondent and on its behalf.
In my opinion, therefore, the use of the marks
by the registered user, African Sales, was use which complied
with ss. (2) of s. 48, and hence was "permitted use". It
is deemed to be use by the respondent, and it follows that
the Court a quo was right in not granting relief to the
appellant under s. 36.
Application based on s. 33(1).
S. 33(1) provides
"33(1) Any person aggrieved by the non-insertion in
or omission from the register of any entry or by any entry made in the register without
sufficient .... / 54

54 .
sufficient cause or by any entry wrongly re-
maining on the register, or by any error or
defect in any entry in the register, may apply to the court or, at the option of the appli-cant and subject to the provisions of section sixty-nine, on payment of the. fees prescribed in the prescribed manner, to the registrar, for the desired relief and thereupon the court
or the registrar, as the case may be, may make such order for making, expunging or varying
the entry as to it or him may seem fit."
It was contended on behalf of the appellant that the entries of the Class 3 marks were entries wrongly remaining on the register. S. 42 provides that in all legal
proceedings relating to a trade mark registerd in part A
of the register (including applications under s. 33), the
original registration of the trade mark shall, after the
expiration of seven years from the date of that registration
be taken to be valid in all respects unless, inter alia , the
trade..../ 55

55
trade mark offends against the provisions of s. 16. The
Class 3 marks, it was contended, offend against s. 16(1), be-
cause the use of them "would be likely to deceive or cause
confusion", (a) because of the use by African Sales; and
(b) because of the use of containers and packaging identi-
fying the trade marks with the US company.
Submission (a) cannot prevail, having re-
gard to the finding above that the use by African Sales was
"permitted use" and hence was deemed to be use by the trade mark proprietor, and is not deemed to be use by a person other than the proprietor.
In regard to (b), the appellant's complaint on the affidavits was that the trade marks Charles of the Ritz
and Ritz have been used in South Africa in containers and
packaging .... / 56

56
packaging of products in such a way as to indicate a connection in the course of trade between the products and the US company, thus giving rise "on substantial scale to the erroneous mis-taken belief that the products in question emanated from the US company." In consequence, the appellant submitted, if the respondent were "now to use its marks confusion and de-
ception would inevitably arise. The marks are therefore no
longer registrable." 
I am not persuaded that the use of the trade mark by the respondent would be likely to cause deception or confusion.
When the legislature in s. 16(1) proscribed registration of a trade mark "the use of which would be
likely to deceive or cause confusion", it did so for the
protection .... / 57

57
protection of the public, and what has to be considered is whether the public is likely to be deceived or confused by the use to which a mark is put. The question of likelihood of deception is to be treated as a practical one (see Radiation Trade Mark (1930) 47 RPC 37 at 43, line 25). One should not be astute to take a narrow technical approach, but should regard the matter realistically from the point of view of an ordinary member of the public.
I shall assume for the present purposes that a substantial number of ordinary members of the public are likely to have read, on the container and packaging of Charles of the Ritz products purchased by them, the wording to which reference has been made.
If they were now (the emphasis was the
appellant's ..../ 58

58
appellant's) to purchase products identified as emanating from Charles of the Ritz Limited, I do not think it likely that they would recognize that this was a different entity from Charles of the Ritz Group Limited - the only difference in the names is in the, word "Group" - and even if they did, I
do not think that they would be likely to be deceived or con-
fused. Compare the observations of TEMPLEMAN L.J. in Revlon (supra) at 111:
"REVLON FLEX bottled and manufactured in Wales contained no hint of the country of origin but proclaimed on the bottle that the product emanated from Revlon of New York, Paris and London. The purchaser of REVLON FLEX in the United Kingdom would have been surprised to learn that the shampoo bought by him was made in a Welsh factory owned by a Venezuelan company and distributed by a New York company. The purchaser would have been surprised but not alarmed, because REVLON FLEX shampoos are all products of an international organisation which has acquired an international reputation. A purchaser of
shampoo .... / 59

59
shampoo in London or New York or elsewhere relies on the international reputation of the multi-national group responsible for the manufacture and sale of REVLON FLEX all over the world. The purchaser rightly expects, and obtains, the same REVLON FLEX shampoo wherever manu-factured or purchased in any part of the world."
Similarly Charles of the Ritz and Ritz products are all pro-ducts of an international organisation which has acquired an international reputation. A purchaser of such products in South Africa, or London, or New York, or elsewhere relies on the international reputation of the multi-national group re-
sponsible for the manufacture and sale of Charles of the Ritz
and Ritz products in many parts of the world. The purchaser
rightly expects and obtains the same Charles of the Ritz pro-
ducts wherever manufactured or purchased. See also the judg-
ment of BUCKLEY L.J. in Revlon at 106.
In..../ 60

60
In my view, therefore, it has not been shown
that the use of the marks is likely to deceive or confuse.
CONCLUSION AND ORDER
In consequence the appellant has not estab-
lished any ground for altering the order of the Court a quo
in its favour. The respondent, on the other hand, is en-
titled to succeed in its cross-appeal against the order ex-
punging the trade marks No. 65/2279 and No. 71/0325 from the
regisiter, because the appellant did not have locus standi to apply for rectification of the register in respect of those
marks.
The following order is made:
The appeal is dismissed with costs, including the costs
of two counsel.
The.../ 61

61
The cross-appeal is allowed, including the costs of
two counsel.	
The order of the Court a quo is altered to read: 
"The application is dismissed with costs,
including the costs of two counsel."	
H C NICHOLAS, A J A
CORBETT,	J A )	
HOEXTER,	J A )	
concur		ISMALBERGER, J A )	
NESTADT,	J A )	

21
applicable in this case because it had been proved that the appellant had no intention of dealing in goods covered by the Class 3 registrations.
I do not agree. The appellant's argument
could fairly be stated as follows:
"Whether or not I intend to trade in goods to which the respondent's trade marks relate, I am entitled, in the absence of good ground to the contrary, to registration in terms of my application No. 80/6882. The respondent, in citing his marks in opposition to that application, has raised an obstacle to its being granted. Unless the marks are removed from the register, the respondent
is gaining the benefit of a registered trade mark to which he is not entitled. I am accordingly aggrieved."
To such an argument there is in my opinion no effective
answer.
In my view, therefore, the appellant is a
"person aggrieved" in respect of the Class 3 marks.
(ii).../ 22