The Republic of South Africa

THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEAL

reportable 
Case no:   120/99

In the matter between 

JOAQUIM AUGUSTO DE FREITAS			First Applicant

INDEPENDENT ASSOCIATION OF 
ADVOCATES OF SOUTH AFRICA			Second Applicant

and

SOCIETY OF ADVOCATES OF NATAL		             First Respondent

NATAL LAW SOCIETY					Second Respondent

Coram:	HEFER ACJ, SMALBERGER ADCJ, NIENABER, CAMERON,  MPATI JJA 

Date of Hearing:	15 February 2001

Date Delivered:	9 March 2001

Advocate - unprofessional conduct - accepting instructions without intervention of attorney - whether the Bar is a referral profession and, if so, whether change is required. 

JUDGMENT

	
	HEFER ACJ 

 HEFER ACJ:
[1]	Legal practitioners in South Africa are either advocates or attorneys. As Corbett CJ observed in  In re Rome 1991(3) SA 291 (A) at 305I - 306A,
 	“[h]ere we have what has been described as ‘the divided Bar’ (see Joubert (ed) Law of  South Africa vol 14 para 246). It is a legacy from Holland, and also from England. Legal practitioners thus fall into one or other of the two groups, the advocates and the attorneys.”

[2]	Mr De Freitas, the first applicant in this application for leave to appeal,  is an advocate. He practises in KwaZulu-Natal as a member of the second applicant, the Independent Association of Advocates of South Africa (“IAASA”). IAASA functions side by side and, in a sense, in competition with the constituent Bars of the General Council of the Bar of South Africa (“the GCB”).  The constituent Bars have been in existence for the last century or more at the seats of the various Divisions of the High Court.  Each of them has its own rules regulating the professional conduct of its members. One rule that they all have in common is that, with minor exceptions, members do not accept instructions from clients without the intervention of attorneys. IAASA was founded during 1994 by a group of advocates who were and are  averse to this  and certain other rules. Its constitution permits its members to accept instructions directly from the public.

[3]	Mr De Freitas has accepted instructions in this manner. He has also performed functions allegedly reserved for attorneys. His conduct led to an application by the Society of Advocates of Natal (“the Society of Advocates”) to have his name struck from the roll. IAASA and the  Natal Law Society (“the Law Society”) intervened in the proceedings and eventually, in a judgment reported as Society of Advocates of Natal v De Freitas and Another (Natal Law Society Intervening) 1997(4) SA 1134 (N),  the Full Court of the Natal  Provincial Division of the High Court  
(a) found Mr De Freitas guilty of unprofessional conduct and suspended him from practice for a period of six months, and 
(b) dismissed a counter-application by IAASA for an order declaring that any advocate has, alternatively, advocates who are members of IAASA have, the right to accept instructions from any person with or without the intervention of an attorney, to perform any of the functions of an advocate. 
[4]	After unsuccessfully seeking the leave of the Court a quo the applicants have now applied to the Chief Justice for leave to appeal. Their application has been referred to the Court for argument. It is opposed by the Society of Advocates and the Law Society on the ground that there are no reasonable  prospects of a successful appeal. 
[5]	At the outset it is necessary to remind oneself of the role of the courts in matters of this kind. Since Mr De Freitas is not a member of the Society of Advocates he is neither bound by the latter’s rules nor subject  to its internal disciplinary jurisdiction. But it is trite that the courts have inherent disciplinary powers over practitioners in cases of misconduct or unprofessional conduct (De Villiers and Another v McIntyre NO 1921 AD 425 at 435; Society of Advocates of Natal and Another v Knox and Others 1954(2) SA 246 (N) at 247G ad fin).   In De Villiers at 456 Innes CJ said :
“The interference of the Court is clearly justified where there has been gross non-discharge or mis-discharge of professional duty. So also where the conduct proved, whether criminal or not, is so morally reprehensible that the person guilty of it is clearly unfit to become or remain a member of the profession. But when we leave the area of criminality, immorality or actual misconduct, the enquiry becomes more complicated ...”

In the latter type of case interference by the court is ultimately a matter of judicial discretion (De Villiers at 432; Beyers v Pretoria Balieraad 1966(2) SA 593 (A) at 605D-E). In other words, it is for the court to consider the propriety of the conduct proved and, if it is found to be unprofessional, what the penalty should be. In doing so it must take account of all the circumstances of the case with due regard to the demands of the proper administration of justice, and the interests of the profession and the public.
[6]	In the present case the main charge against Mr De Freitas is that he has accepted instructions from clients without the intervention of attorneys.  That he has done so on several occasions is not disputed.  In their written heads of argument the applicants sought to counter the Society of Advocates’ case by denying that the Bar in our country is a referral profession which does not generally permit advocates to accept instructions directly from clients. This was in line with their stance in the Court a quo. However, in his oral argument in this Court Mr Van der Spuy, senior counsel for the applicants, conceded that there indeed existed a referral practice until 1994. He then sought to meet the case against Mr De Freitas with an argument that a referral practice is no longer suitable in view of events during 1994 and thereafter.
[7]	Let me say before I deal with this argument that  I have no doubt that the concession was correctly made.  Admittedly, the Court  a quo could find no clear indication in the old authorities that advocates practising in Holland before the reception of Roman-Dutch law in South Africa only acted on instructions from attorneys. But, after examining subsequent developments in South Africa and the influence of the English practice, the Court concluded that the Bar in this country is a referral profession. This, to my mind,  is plainly correct in view particularly of  the remarks in Rome’s case which will be quoted later, and  the  judgment in Beyers v Pretoria Balieraad supra in which this Court found an advocate guilty of unprofessional conduct inter alia for having accepted instructions without the intervention of an attorney. 
[8]	The referral practice that we know in this country is not that advocates may not under any circumstances accept instructions directly from clients. Various exceptions are allowed, one of which is that counsel may be instructed directly by the Legal Aid Board. In other matters the rules of the various Bars do not correspond in all respects.  Advocates in the Western Cape may, for example, take direct instructions for opinions, from a restricted list of clients,  which members of other Bars may not do.
[9]	The practice clearly serves the best interests of the professions and the public in litigious as well as non-litigious matters. As Corbett CJ said in In re Rome supra at 306B-D,
“[t]he advocate is, broadly speaking, the specialist in forensic skills and in giving expert advice on legal matters, whereas the attorney has more general skills and is often, in addition, qualified in conveyancing and notarial practice. The attorney has direct links (often of a permanent or long-standing nature) with the lay client seeking legal assistance or advice and, where necessary or expedient, the attorney briefs an advocate on behalf of his client. The advocate has no direct links or long-standing relationship with the lay client: he only acts for the client on brief in a particular matter ... ”

In litigious matters the benefits to the client  arising from this  relationship are manifest. Although some  attorneys have  precisely the same academic qualifications as advocates their  practical schooling is markedly different since it is aimed at the acquisition of special skills to do different types of work.   This in turn is so because advocates and attorneys occupy  themselves with different kinds of litigious work. It is the advocate who generally prepares pleadings and presents clients’ cases to the courts, whereas it is the attorney who takes care of matters such as the investigation of the facts, the issuing and service of process, the discovery and inspection of documents, the procuring of evidence and the attendance of witnesses, the execution of judgments, and the like. In this way each of them applies his own skills for the benefit of the client. It is quite clear that, where an advocate is not briefed by an attorney, he will of necessity have to do some of the work which his attorney would otherwise have done. That part of the work cannot, as Mr Van der Spuy suggested, simply be left to the client. After all what does a lay client know about these matters? There are only two possibilities if an attorney is not employed: counsel will either have to do the work himself or the  client, at the very  least, will  require counsel’s guidance in matters of which the latter himself usually knows very little. 

[10]	It is not without reason that Corbett CJ mentioned the absence of direct and  possibly long-standing links between an advocate and his client. It is of the utmost importance that there should be some distance between them in order to ensure and preserve the advocate’s independence. In this regard (and also to emphasize what I have already said)  I can do no better than to quote from a speech by Lord Benson who chaired the Royal Commission on Legal Services in the United Kingdom between 1976 and 1979. (The speech was delivered in Cape Town during 1988 and has been reported in 1988 (105) SALJ 421-433.) Speaking on the subject of the possible fusion of the professions of advocates and attorneys he said at 422-429:
 		“We [the Commission] based our conclusion [that there should not be a fusion] on three separate principles. First, any rule made by or privilege granted to a profession must be designed not for the private benefit of the members of the profession but to protect the interest of, or to enhance the level of service to, the public. Second, in every walk of life, particularly in the professions, there is a growing need to specialize in each of the many different types of work and activity. This is a duty which every profession owes to the public it serves. Third, one of the privileges and duties conferred upon a professional man is the ability to express an independent and impartial opinion in respect of his client’s affairs .... The evidence put before us was overwhelmingly opposed to fusion. The Bar and the majority of the solicitors opposed it. Nearly all the witnesses, including the judges, said that it would diminish the specialist services provided by the bar. In particular it would lead to a serious fall in the quality of advocacy and, because of the nature of court proceedings, in the quality of judicial decisions. This would damage not only the interests of litigants but the administration of justice itself ...
Let us look at the practical issues. A mass of work is brought into solicitors’ offices by clients every day of the week. Many of the matters arising can be and are dealt with by the skill of the solicitor himself, but no solicitor is competent to deal with every matter brought before him. For example, large sums of money and property may be involved which require the advice of specialists in property and in taxation. Complex legal issues emerge which demand experience in the particular branch of the law. Advocacy of a high order may be needed to avoid a custodial sentence which imperils a client’s freedom. The solicitor may be too close as a friend or advisor of long standing or be so involved with the detail as to prevent him from taking a detached view. In these many situations the solicitor and the client are not content unless they can obtain the independent services of a specialist with the necessary skills at his command. It would be foolish, if not negligent, to do otherwise ... The Commission was satisfied that the independent view which is brought to bear by counsel often has the effect of defining and limiting the issues or bringing about a settlement, which represents important savings in time and cost. ”  
 
These  remarks reveal the symbiotic relationship between the two professions and highlight the inherent dangers of  an attorney acting without an advocate in deserving cases or of an advocate acting without an attorney and trying to do  the latter’s work. 
[11]	There is, moreover, a more obvious reason why an advocate should not perform the functions of an attorney. It is that, unlike attorneys, advocates are not required to keep trust accounts. In terms of the Attorneys Act 53 of 1979 every attorney shall open and keep a separate trust banking account and deposit therein money held or received by him on account of any person. No amount standing to the credit of such an account shall be regarded as forming part of the assets of the practitioner or may be attached on behalf of any or his creditors; and, equally importantly, any shortfall in the account may, in proper circumstances, be recovered from the Fidelity Fund.   A client who does not employ an attorney and instructs an advocate directly does not have the same protection or any protection at all. In the present case, for example, Mr De Freitas on one occasion acted without an attorney on behalf of a client who was in the process of a divorce. The parties were married in community of property and the assets had to be divided. With this in mind Mr De Freitas wrote to his client’s employer requesting it to pay half of a pension payable to the client into his (De Freitas’s) “business account”.  Had the money been paid the client would have had no protection whatsoever in the event of his advocate’s insolvency or against the attachment of the money in the account by the latter’s creditors. Such a state of affairs is plainly not in the public interest. 
[12]	Bearing all this in mind I turn now to consider the argument that events that have occurred since 1994 call for a change. Under this rubric Mr Van der Spuy listed (1) the coming into effect of the Interim Constitution (Act 200 of 1993); (2) the formation of IAASA; and (3) the grant to attorneys of the right to appear in superior courts by the Right of Appearance in Courts Act 62 of 1995. I will deal with each of these in turn.
[13]	The Interim Constitution.
(a)	The Interim Constitution which took effect on 27 April 1994 is applicable because the conduct proved occurred during 1996 before the current Constitution came into operation. 
(b)	The right of every detained person to consult with, and the right of  every accused person to be represented by a legal practitioner of his or her choice are entrenched by ss 25(1)(c) and 25(3)(e) respectively.
(c)	I am unable to accept Mr Van der Spuy’s submission that these provisions per se afford a detained person and an accused in a criminal case the right to engage an advocate of his or her choice without the intervention of an attorney. This is not what the sub-sections say; nor is there any indication of an intention to do away with a firmly established and well-known practice.
(d)	Nor do I regard the existence of these provisions sufficiently cogent to persuade me that a change is called for. Detainees and accused persons are not (by the operation of the referral practice) precluded from access to counsel of their choice. All that is required is that they go through the right channels. If they do not have the financial means to engage counsel  there are many competent attorneys who would represent them.  They would therefore not be denied legal representation. 
(e)	Sec 26(1) which has also been called in aid entrenches the right freely to engage in economic activity and to pursue a livelihood anywhere in the national territory. But this does not entail that a trade, industry or profession cannot be regulated in a manner which does not in effect deny the right.  The continuation of  the referral practice would not  have this effect. 
(f)	Mr Klein, junior counsel for the applicants who presented part of the argument on their behalf, stressed the fact that the Interim Constitution introduced a new social order in which, he submitted, there should be greater access to the man in the street to a lawyer of his choice. Whilst I support the underlying philosophy of the submission I cannot agree that a practice which has hitherto been regarded as in the public interest should be forthwith abandoned.    
[14]	The formation of IAASA.
	Mr Van der Spuy did not reveal to us the relevance of the formation of an association which does not support the referral practice. All that it tells us is that the practice is not favoured by every admitted advocate in the country.
[15]	The attorneys’ right of appearance in the High Court, this Court and the Constitutional Court.
	Until the passing of Act 62 of 1995 attorneys did not generally have the right to appear in these courts; but those who have certain prescribed academic and practical qualifications may now be admitted to do so in terms of s 3 read with s 4 of the Act. Mr Van der Spuy pointed out that attorneys who have been so admitted now practise in direct competition with advocates and submitted (1) that counsel’s right to accept instructions directly from members of the public is the necessary corollary of the attorneys’ right to appear in the courts which used to be the exclusive domain of advocates and (2) that a situation where members of the Bar are dependent on their competitors for their livelihood cannot be tolerated. That some attorneys now practise in competition with advocates is correct but the first submission is plainly untenable. I say no more. As for the second submission I agree that the situation is undesirable but members of the public who wish to procure the services of advocates may still do so. Weighed as a matter of public interest against the benefits of the referral practice, it seems to me that the new right of appearance does not afford sufficient reason to do away with the established practice or to change it.  
 [16]	In any event I want to say this about change. The referral practice was not conceived by the legislature or devised  by the courts. It came to us through centuries of experience and development first in the United Kingdom and later in our own country.  It exists in one form or the other in several other Commonwealth countries where there are divided Bars. One’s general impression of the position in countries such as England, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, New Zealand and various Australian states is that direct access by lay clients to advocates is strictly regulated. One cannot, as IAASA requests us to do in its counter-application, simply put a pen through the Bars’ referral  rules even though one may feel that changes in certain areas may be justified.  It is not for us to take such a bold step. Nor, I venture to suggest would it be appropriate for the legislature to do so. The rules have been designed by the Bars for practice in a divided profession  in what is plainly the public interest. Experienced members of the Bars are much more aware than we are of the problems in, and the needs of,  the profession and of the available facilities to overcome them.  It should be left to them to consider in what respects and to what extent change is required. I say this  despite the fact that the courts will be the final arbiters of the validity of any changes that may be effected in so far as they may reflect on the propriety of advocates’ conduct. It would be foolish for us to interfere in the way in which IAASA asks us to do knowing full well that, by doing so, we will force South Africa out of step with comparable Commonwealth countries and bring an end to a practice which clearly serves the interests of the public.
[17]	From this it follows that the refusal of the declaratory order sought by IAASA cannot be disturbed. 
[18]	It also follows that the Court a quo’s finding that Mr De Freitas is guilty of unprofessional conduct for having accepted instructions without the intervention of attorneys cannot be disturbed either.
[19]	I do not intend to deal with the finding that he had performed the functions of an attorney. Despite a half-hearted attempt by Mr Van der Spuy to persuade us to the contrary it is quite clear that the finding is well founded.
[20]	Mr Van der Spuy argued in conclusion that  the suspension for six months and the order of costs granted against the applicants by the Court a quo are unreasonable. Whilst I have some sympathy with Mr De Freitas because he has been suspended for having acted in accordance with IAASA’s constitution whereas his colleagues have not been penalized, there is no reason why we should interfere with the way in which the Court a quo exercised its discretion both in regard to the penalty and in regard to the costs. 
Failing reasonable prospects of a successful appeal the application is dismissed with costs including, in the case of the first respondent, the costs of two counsel.

                          
JJF HEFER
Acting Chief Justice 
Concur:
Smalberger ADCJ
Nienaber JA 
Mpati JA      

CAMERON JA/....

CAMERON JA:

[1]  I have had the benefit of reading the judgment of Hefer ACJ.   I  agree that the application for leave to appeal lacks merit and must be dismissed.  However, the reasons that compel me to this conclusion are considerably narrower than those of Hefer ACJ, and I therefore propose to set them out briefly.
[2]  The question that the application to strike off the first applicant and the counter-application of the second applicant, IAASA, both raise is whether this Court should invoke its supervisory jurisdiction over legal practitioners to enforce against all advocates practising as such a rule that they may not act for a party without the intermediation of an attorney. That the Court has a jurisdiction to supervise how legal practitioners conduct their practice, and that it is to be exercised in the public interest, I take as self-evident. More difficult, in my opinion, is whether it should be engaged in the enforcement of a rule that the “traditional  Bars” (for a want of a better  term) seek to uphold, and IAASA, the “rebel Bar”, seeks to challenge.
[3]  That the rule is not of unquestioned antiquity, nor of uncontested ambit, appears from Attorney-General v Tatham 1916 TPD 160 at 168 - 9, where the Full Bench of the Transvaal Provincial Division refused to regard as unprofessional the conduct of an advocate in advising a client without the intervention of an attorney and charging a fee for this service.  Indeed, the traditional Bar (to which I shall refer as “the Bar”) has itself been reconsidering aspects of the referral rule since 1995, when the Right of Appearance in Courts Act 62 of 1995 extended to attorneys the right to appear in the superior courts.  This appears from the papers and was confirmed to us during argument by counsel for the Bar.
[4]  That history and tradition, by themselves, cannot suffice to justify the invocation of the Court’s power over legal practitioners I also take to be self-evident.  Nor, of course, can the mere fact that the established legal profession applies such a rule.  
[5]  The crisis in legal services in this country is too acute, and the threat this represents to the administration of justice too grave, for the courts to enforce tradition without there being compelling reason in the public interest to do so. Too many of the rules for which the Bar once fought have been abandoned in the course of time for us to accept without further ado that any rule it now seeks to uphold must routinely receive the imprimatur of judicial enforcement. One has but to think of the two-counsel rule (in terms of which senior counsel were formerly required to appear only when briefed with a junior) and the rule that, until all too recently, excluded academics not in full-time practice from membership of the Bar, to realise that features of practice defended today as intrinsic to the proper constitution of the profession and to the adequate rendition of services to the public become tomorrow the abandoned relics of a developing and forward-moving profession. 
[6]  To my mind, the referral rule is too uncomfortably reminiscent of some of these rules to conclude in broad terms that it is necessary to uphold it in the public interest without precise and narrow scrutiny of the basis for that claim.  Indeed, the application to strike off the first applicant was brought on the premise that it is "a fundamental principle of the advocates' profession as practised in SA (and in all Commonwealth jurisdictions where the division of the legal profession into Advocates and Attorneys has been maintained) that the Advocates' profession is a referral profession and that Advocates do not accept briefs directly from members of the public".  Shortly before argument, this Court requested detailed information from the parties as to the position in comparable jurisdictions. That information showed that the averment in question was stated too broadly, and Mr Wallis, who appeared for the Bar, disavowed reliance upon it.
[7] The information supplied to us from the United Kingdom and Australasia indicates that in most areas where the division within the legal profession is maintained, the referral rule has been substantially adapted, so that, subject to strict safeguards, specialist litigation-practitioners are indeed now entitled to take work directly from the public or sections of it.  In this the Bar in our country appears to be behind its peers even in the United Kingdom where, at the English Bar, detailed rules providing for direct access in strictly circumscribed cases now exist.  That those jurisdictions have so adjusted the rule in the interest of both the public and the profession that serves it seems to me to be beyond question; and it is for these reasons that I conclude that a claim by a branch of the legal profession that a professional rule or practice exists in the public interest and should for that reason be enforced by the courts must be scrutinized to ensure that it is not loosely or over-broadly made.
[8]  Where a rule of professional practice is sourced in statute, any limitation of rights that statute contains will of course have to pass muster under the Constitution.  Regulation of professional practice will certainly have to be rational and non-arbitrary to pass constitutional scrutiny (S v Lawrence 1997 (4) SA 1176 (CC), at paras 34 - 35, per Chaskalson P).  Where a rule of professional practice is not sourced in statute it must, for the reasons I have given, be subjected if anything  to even more exacting scrutiny.  As is indicated in the judgment of Hefer ACJ, the basis of the courts’ power to enforce professional rules is not a novel question in this Court. In the Transvaal High Court, Innes JP formulated a test that in my view still forms a sound basis for distinguishing between conduct by a practitioner that is intrinsically and necessarily unprofessional, and conduct that may be unprofessional and undesirable only because of the contingent conditions of legal practice within which it occurs. In Pienaar and Versfeld v Incorporated Law Society 1902 TS 11 at 16, Innes JP asked:

“Has [the Court] the power to prohibit conduct on the part of practitioners, which, though not in itself immoral or fraudulent, may yet in the opinion of the Court be inconsistent with the proper position of its practitioners and calculated, if generally allowed, to lead to abuses in the future?”

His answer was that the Court does possess that power.   As Innes JP indicated, if the conduct impugned is not “in itself immoral or fraudulent” it must pass a two-fold test for judicial proscription as unprofessional:  it must be (a) inconsistent with the proper position of a legal practitioner; and (b) calculated, if generally allowed, to lead to abuses in the future.
[9]  In my view, the mere fact that the profession is divided into two in our country does not logically or necessarily entail  the referral rule.  Experience in those jurisdictions where groups of specialist litigation-practitioners have voluntarily organised themselves into Bars without enforcing the referral rule against all other litigation-specialists shows as much.  
[10]  I agree with Hefer ACJ that it is in the public interest that there should be a vigorous and independent Bar serving the public, which, subject to judicial supervision is self-regulated, whose members are in principle available to all, and who in general do not perform administrative and preparatory work in litigation but concentrate their skills on the craft of forensic practice. It is not, however, clear to me that this desideratum is incompatible with some relaxation of the referral rule and I do not understand the judgment of Hefer ACJ to suggest that it is.  I do, however, consider that the Bar should be encouraged to investigate with urgent speed whether accommodations of the referral rule along the lines already practised in comparable jurisdictions should not be introduced here as a means of possibly enhancing public access to legal services and reducing the cost of at least some of those services.
[11]  There is, in short, in my view nothing intrinsically improper in a specialist corps of litigation-practitioners operating without the referral rule in its widest sense;  nor, as experience in comparable jurisdictions amply shows, would sensible adjustments to the rule be inimical to the continued flourishing of such a corps.  From a public policy point of view, the enactment of the 1995 statute indeed shows that the Legislature considered that at least one branch of the profession —  attorneys — should be permitted to offer all litigation services without the necessity for being briefed by another practitioner.  That does not show, as IAASA insupportably contended, that advocates should by reciprocal relaxation be permitted to engage in all forms of attorneys’ work.  But it does show that the courts — before whom litigation-specialists who are attorneys are entitled to appear without the intermediation of another attorney — should be meticulous in their scrutiny of the same rule when its enforcement is sought against all advocates.
[12]  However, as is explained in the judgment of Hefer ACJ, there is a very particular, and contingent, reason for concluding that the “proper position” of advocates in this country, at least for the present, entails the enforcement of the referral rule since its disregard, if generally allowed, would “lead to abuses in the future”. That is the position with regard to trust accounts. Because the statutes regulating the two branches of the profession are, by and large, premised on their division into two branches, advocates are not required or permitted to keep trust banking accounts for the receipt and retention of client’s money.  If they purport to do so, a peculiarity of our law of trusts precludes the arrangement from being effective to protect the public against appropriation and loss.  This is because in our law (unlike most other countries where the trust institution has developed) a living person cannot by unilateral act sequester a portion of assets and call them a “trust” so as to create the founder a trustee and render the assets immune from creditors (Ex parte Estate Kelly 1942 OPD 265, 272;  Crookes N O v Watson 1956 1 SA 277 (A) 298, per van den Heever JA).  An advocate of necessity operates outside the statutory apparatus of s 79 of the Attorneys Act 53 of 1979 and cannot by unilateral declaration create a trust.  Indeed, for all trusts except oral trusts, the Trust Property Control Act 57 of 1988 has further complicated the position by requiring the official sanction of the Master before even a properly created and appointed trustee can operate as such (Simplex (Pty) Ltd v van der Merwe and others NO 1996 (1) SA 111 (W)).
[13]  The facts of the present matter illustrate the real and substantial danger to the public that would result if advocates were permitted to handle public money, whether by dealing with their clients’ money or even by taking deposits on fees in advance.   As shown in the judgment of Hefer ACJ, the first applicant invited the payment into what he called his “business account” of what may have been a very substantial portion of the accumulated assets of a married couple one of whom he was representing.  Had the invitation been accepted, not only would there  have been no protection against his creditors in the event that he was sequestrated, but there would have been no protection against his disposal of that money, as its owner, since in law when it was paid into his account it became his.
1	
[14] Such a situation the courts cannot countenance.  For so long as the statutory absence of trust fund protection continues, it provides in my view a compelling reason in the public interest for the courts to enforce the referral rule.  It follows at the very least that the first applicant in soliciting the payment in question acted unprofessionally and improperly and rendered himself subject to appropriate sanction by the court.
[15]  It is true that a small number of advocates may disavow the intention ever to deal with the public’s money or even to take any fees in advance. Cases of this sort can be envisaged, and some advocates who have committed themselves exclusively to pro bono work no doubt practise on this basis.  But they constitute a tiny minority of the total in the profession; and the rules enforced by this Court must take practical account of what practices, if generally allowed will (again in the words of Innes JP in the Pienaar and Versfeld case (at 18)) be “obviously likely to lead to abuse”.
[16]  I therefore agree with the observation of Thirion J in the Court below, in adjudicating on the applicants’ application for a certificate in terms of rule 18 of the Constitutional Court rules, that “what the [applicants] are seeking to achieve is a situation where the advocate performs the functions of an attorney in all litigious matters without being subject to the restrictions imposed on an attorney”.  In this, IAASA asks this Court to accord its members a breadth of unregulated practice which goes beyond anything known to any of the jurisdictions comparable to ours.

E   CAMERON
JUDGE OF APPEAL
Concur: 

Smalberger ADCJ
Nienaber JA
Mpati JA