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74/83

N v H

R FORDRED (PTY) LTD v SUIDWES LUGDIENS (PTY) LTD

MILLER, JA :-

74/83
N v H

IN THE SUPREME COURT OP SOUTH AFRICA

(APPELLATE DIVISION) In the matter between:

R FORDRED (PROPRIETARY) LIMITED Appellant
and
SUIDWES LUGDIENS (PROPRIETARY) LIMITED Respondent.

CORAM: MILLER, VILJOEN, VAN HEERDEN, JJA,

et GALGUT, NICHOLAS, AJJA.

HEARD: 2 MAY 1985

DELIVERED: 3O MAY 1985

JUDGMENT MILLER, JA :-

The appellant, a company having its registered

office and carrying on business at Windhoek, was the owner

of a Cessna Centurion aircraft which it used in connection

with its business. On 5 May 1976 the aircraft crashed in

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2

the Caprivi Zipfel. The appellant instituted action against the respondent for recovery of the loss sustained in consequence of damage suffered by the aircraft in the crash. The amount claimed was R26 000, said to be the difference between the value of the aircraft immediately prior to the crash and its value thereafter.
For reasons which will presently appear, it is unnecessary for purposes of this judgment to set out in detail the grounds upon which it was alleged that the respondent was liable to make good such loss to the appel= lant. It is sufficient to say that the appellant's cause of action was that the respondent, in breach of agreements between the parties, had failed to inspect, overhaul and maintain the aircraft and make it airworthy and that such

failure /

3

failure was the cause of the crash; alternatively, that
having undertaken to inspect and to perform certain work
on the aircraft the respondent performed such inspections
and work negligently, as the result of which the aircraft
crashed. The learned Judge in the Court a quo (BADENHORST,
JP) fairly summarized the basic issue between the parties

thus:-

"Now whether the matter is approached on the

basis of a breach of the agreements or
that the work was carried out in a negligent manner the real issue is whether the mechanical fuel pump .... that was in the aircraft .... when it crashed was unservicable at the time of

the crash and whether that was the cause

of the crash".

After a lengthy trial in which this issue was closely i=

vestigated it was held by the Court a quo that the appel=

lant had not established that what caused the crash was

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4
any alleged breach by the respondent of any agreement it might have entered into with the appellant or that the crash was caused by the respondent's negligence in any of the respects alleged. This finding notwithstanding, the learned Judge President then posed "the next question", which was "whether the plaintiff has proved the quantum of damages" - a question which, in the light of the finding on causation, it was not necessary to answer. The Court a quo nevertheless answered it, against the appellant. In the result the order made was that the respondent was absolved from the instance, with costs.
It is necessary to mention that at a later stage during the trial, after the closure of the respondent's case but before commencement of argument, an application was

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5
made by the appellant for a postponement, in order to enable tests to be made of the contents and constituents of a fuel pump for the purpose of placing evidence of the results thereof before the Court. It was contended that the proposed tests would throw considerable light on the issue of causation of the crash. An explanation was tendered of the failure to have carried out the desired tests at an earlier stage. The Court refused the applica= tion. Prior to the hearing of this appeal the appellant lodged with the Registrar of this Court a petition by which leave was sought to submit for chemical tests the deposit and dirt found in a part of the fuel pump and to place before the Court, by affidavit, the results of such tests. It is important to note that neither in its application for

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a postponement in the Court a quo nor in its petition for leave to place further evidence before this Court, did the appellant seek in any way to supplement or enlarge upon the evidence relating to the quantum of damages.
In these circumstances Counsel for the respondent, when the appeal was called, suggested that it would be appropriate and possibly time-saving to hear first the arguments relating to the question whether the appellant had led sufficiently cogent evidence to enable the quantum of damages to be assessed, for if it had not it would be an academic exercise to hear argument upon and to decide

the issue of causation and the point raised in the appel=

lant's heads of argument viz that the Court a quo had mistakenly

and irregularly refused the application made to it for a

postponement and for leave to lead further evidence relating

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to causation. Counsel for the appellant being amenable
to such suggestion and the Court agreeing, full argument
was heard on the issue of quantum after which the Court
reserved judgment on that issue, indicating to Counsel
that in the event of its deciding the issue adversely to
the respondent, the parties would be notified and arrange=
ments made for the hearing of argument on the remaining

issues. It has not been found necessary to hear argument
on the other issues and I therefore proceed to deal with
the issue in regard to the quantum of damages.

The evidence relied on by the appellant for the

discharge of the onus resting upon it to prove the measure
of the damages was almost exclusively that of Mr Grellman,
a highly qualified aircraft maintenance engineer with over

17 years' experience in the maintenance of aircraft. He

also / ......

8
also holds a private pilot's licence. One skilled and knowledgeable in the field of aircraft maintenance is not necessarily knowledgeable concerning the monetary value of the aircraft on which he works and does not by virtue of his high qualifications in the engineering field, necessari= ly gain special knowledge regarding the market prices of aircraft, whether old or new, and whether damaged or undamaged. It is therefore necessary to inquire whether Grellman adequately qualified himself as an evaluator of aircraft. Having stated his qualifications and experience summarized above Grellman testified at length in regard to the issue of causation of the crash and on all matters relevant thereto. Counsel for the appellant then asked him whether, when working for the respondent and later for

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another firm, Westair, he had had occasion "to acquire knowledge of the sale of aircraft (including secondhand aircraft) in South West Africa and South Africa". The answer was "not so much" when working for the respondent but that at Westair "we sold a few aeroplanes".
In a written summary of his intended evidence Grellman had said that prior to the crash the aircraft concerned "had a value of R32 000 based on market value". He was asked in chief upon "what base that kind of assess= ment rested" and whether it was "a reasonable market assess= ment". To this Grellman replied that he thought so and observed that a similar aircraft had some time before been sold for R36 000. Asked about the price of new aircraft "of this kind" the witness said that prices varied and

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changed from day to day but that he "imagined" that a

new such aircraft would cost about R160 000. He then
testified that the virtually undamaged engine of the
wrecked aircraft was all that could be salvaged and that

it was sold to Westair for R6 000. Westair later sold

it to another but the witness had "no idea" what the price
was.

This is, in substance, the extent of Grellman's

evidence in chief on the question of the quantum of appel=

lant's loss. In cross-examination he acknowledged that

he had previously worked for Namib Air, (the respondent

company's new name) which was the agent for Cessna aircraft

in the territory and that throughout his employment there

he had in no way been involved in the sale of aircraft

and had no knowledge of any trade-in of aircraft.

He / .
11 He acknowledged that the selling of aircraft was "no part" of his job at Westair or when working for the respondent, but said that in such jobs one overheard what salesmen said and one saw magazines and in that way acquired "knowledge" of what "more or less is the value for an aeroplane". Later he said that in the two years that he worked for Westair he had acquired greater knowledge of aircraft prices and values - during that period of two years Westair had not bought any aircraft but had "sold 7 aeroplanes". When asked for details in this regard the witness said: "Unfortunately I did not prepare myself". He testified to one sale of which he had some knowledge; that sale was of a 1969 model Cessna 210 which had about 1 280 airframe hours. It was sold for what he

thought was R36 000. He was then asked:

"Mr /

12

"Mr Grellman, what would you say the value of a Cessna 210 was in May 1976 with approximately 2 300 hours, airframe hours?"
He answered: "I would not be able to tell you".

The negative answer to this question was in effect an ad=
mission that the witness could make no assessment of the
value of the appellant's aircraft at the time of the crash,

for the description contained in the question would sub=

stantially accord with a description of the appellant's

aircraft and its airframe hours at the time of the crash.

It is, I think, clear from the evidence I have

summarized above that, however suitable Grellman may have

been for the purpose of testifying about the condition of

the aircraft concerned and its mechanism and about the

probable cause of the crash, he was patently miscast as an

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evaluator for the purpose of proving the quantum of the
appellant's loss. There is no justification for granting
him the status of an expert in regard to the relevant eva=

luations, for there is nothing to show that he has the
knowledge and experience necessary to the expression of
opinions regarding market values of aircraft of the kind or,

type and at the time and place concerned, or on other aspect;

of the issue now under consideration. (See Hoffman & Zeffe:

SA Law of Evidence, 3rd Ed, p 84; Pitout v North Cape Live=

stock Co-operative Ltd 1977(4) SA 842 (AD) at p 854 A - E;

Estate Marks v Pretoria City Council 1969(3) SA 227 (AD) at

p 254; Phipson on Evidence, 13th Ed, 27-32 at p 572.)

In the light of this finding, evidence of Grellman

opinion as to the value of aircraft, whether generally or

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specifically, or as to the reasonableness or otherwise

of the price paid for the engine of the damaged aircraft,

is unacceptable as having no weight. (Pitout's case,

ibid, and see Hoffman and Zeffert, supra, at p 75 and more

particularly at pp 80-1 where rule 401 of the American Law

Institute's Model Code of Evidence is quoted as correctly

reflecting our law.) Although evidence of the facts

related by the witness in conjunction with such opinions

(e g that an aircraft was sold for Rx or an offer of Ry

was made) is receivable (cf. Cowen & Carter: Essays on

the Law of Evidence, at pp 165-6) it is, at best, of very

doubtful cogency when the Court has not been furnished with

the necessary "criteria for testing" the conclusions reached

or which would serve to enable the Court "to form its own

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independent judgment" on the matter in issue. (Phipson on Evidence, supra, 27-34, at p 574.) Furthermore, without fairly detailed information regarding the circum= stances of any transaction of sale to which the witness might have testified as a matter of fact, not of opinion or inference, the Court would derive very little, if any, aid from the fact of the transaction in its quest for market value.
It was contended by Mr Gauntlet, for the appellant, that even if the Court had difficulty in making an assessment of the quantum of the appellant's loss, it was very clear that the crash necessarily caused it damage and loss and that therefore, despite the diffi= culties in regard to proof of quantum, it was the Court's

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duty to make an assessment, to the best of its ability, on the evidence before it. He relied for this contention on cases such as Turkstra v Richards 1926 TPD 276; Hersman v Shapiro & Co 1926 TPD 367; Erasmus v Davis 1969(2) SA 1 (AD) at pp 8 and 10. I have no doubt that our Courts have accepted as a firm principle that where it is clear that a plaintiff has suffered damages but it is very difficult, if not impossible, on the evidence to make an accurate or reasonably accurate assessment thereof, the Court will do the best it can on the available evidence and with recognition that its assessment cannot pretend to be a closely reasoned or accurate one. But in certain circum= stances the Court will decline a request that it make a rough assessment and will decree absolution from the instance

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The true principle was thus formulated by STRATFORD, J,

(TINDALL, J, concurring) in Hersman v Shapiro & Co

supra, at pp 379 - 380:-

"Monetary damage having been suffered, it is necessary for the Court to assess the amount and make the best use it can of the evidence before it. There are cases where the assess= merit by the Court is very little more than an estimate; but even so, if it is certain that pecuniary damage has been suffered, the Court is bound to award damages. It is not so bound in the case where evidence is available to the plaintiff which he has not produced; in those circumstances the Court is justified in giving, and does give, absolution from the instance. But where the best evidence available has been produced, though it is not entirely of a con= clusive character and does not permit of a mathematical calculation of the damages suffered, still, if it is the best evidence available, the Court must use it and arrive at a conclusion base upon it."

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This passage has been approved and applied by this Court
on more than one occasion. (See, for example, per VAN WINSEN, AJA, in
Mkwanazi v Van der Merwe and Another 1970(1) SA 609 at
p 631 and, more recently, Esso Standard SA (Pty)Ltd v Katz
1981(1) SA 965 at p 970.)
The onus which the appellant, by its claim as pleaded, took, upon itself to discharge was what the market value of its Cessna aircraft was immediately after it had come to grief and what its market value was immediately before the mishap. The evidence led fell lamentably short of achieving that object. It was contended on behalf of the appellant that there was no considerable activity in the market place in South West Africa so far as the purchase and sale of aircraft of this or any type was

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concerned and that it was therefore a matter of difficulty to find within the territory an evaluator with knowledge and experience necessary to the making of a reliable assess= ment of the market value of the damaged aircraft or of its value prior to the crash. This may be so but there is no evidence to show that there would have been any difficulty. in finding evaluators or assessors elsewhere, and especially in the Republic of South Africa, who had the necessary knowledge and experience. The learned Judge-President in the Court below observed not without some justification, that the witness Hutchison, who was called from Johannesburg to testify in regard to another issue in the case, might himself have been far better qualified to talk about aircraft values than was Grellman, but was not called upon

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to give any evidence about aircraft values. Hutchison was a member of the Institute of Loss Adjusters in respect of non-marine and aviation insurance claims. He said that there were five such loss adjusters of whom he was aware. He personally had investigated, on average, between five and six aviation insurance claims per month and very many more other non-marine claims. The nature of his occu= pation and the degree of his experience in dealing with valuations, betoken familiarity with the market for the purchase and sale of a large variety of objects, including aircraft. There is no substance in the appellant's contention hat it would have been very difficult to bring forward better evidence of the relevant values than was given by Grellman. It appears to me that it is highly

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probable that the appellant simply assumed that because of Grellman's distinction as a maintenance engineer and the fact that he had expert knowledge of the mechanical condition of the aircraft, he would be capable of giving the evidence necessary to enable the damage to be assessed. If that was the appellant's belief it was a mistaken one which rendered the claim for damages subject to the risk of failure for want of proof of the extent of the loss. This is decidedly not a case in which "the best evidence reasonably available has been produced"; it is rather a case in which evidence was reasonably available to the appellant but not produced. It will be noticed that when applying the dicta of STRATFORD, J, (in Hersman's case) reproduced above, I have in effect qualified the

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word "available" by prefacing it with "reasonably". I notice that DIEMONT, JA, did likewise in the Essd Standard case, supra, at p 970 D - E and H.
Finally, it is necessary to mention an issue relating to; radio equipment which was said to have been in the aircraft at the time of the crash. Mr Fordred, a Director of the appellant company, was recalled (after he had completed his testimony on the main issue) for the purpose of explaining that the radio equipment had not been recovered. In the course of giving that explanation he said: "The value that we put on to the radios was R2 000". This represented the evidence regarding the value of the radio equipment. There was no evidence to qualify Fordred as a person with knowledge

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of the value of equipment of that nature. Nor was there evidence as to the condition of the equipment - nor of the identity of the "we" who put the value of R2 000 on it. It was contended on behalf of appellant that since there was no cross-examination of Fordred on this point, his evidence of value ought to have been accepted. In my view the Court a quo rightly rejected that argument. The onus of proving the value of the lost equipment was on the appellant and could hardly be discharged by the bald statement, made in passing, by a wholly unqualified witness, that he and others (who remained unidentified) had put a value of R2 000 on the equipment. In these circumstances a decision-by the respondent not to cross-examine the witness cannot be taken to imply acceptance of or acquiescense in

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the semi-anonymously determined value.

The appeal is dismissed with costs, which shall include the costs in respect of the petition for leave to lead further evidence.

S MILLER

JUDGE OF APPEAL

VILJOEN, JA )
VAN HEERDEN, JA ) CONCUR
GALGUT, AJA )
NICHOLAS, AJA )

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